Reservoir
    • 16 Aug 2022
    • 2 Minutes to read

    Reservoir


    Article summary

    The Reservoir is used primarily for unsteady flows and relates the rate of water level rise to the net discharge. The Reservoir makes the assumption that the water levels are identical in all nodes attached to it in the same way as the Junction.In unsteady mode, it will ensure conservation of mass so that, for example, the overbank spills from a channel are accounted for and may drain back as the flood subsides

    Data

    Field in Data Entry Form

    Description

    Name in Datafile

    n/a

    Number of elevation/area pairs

    n

    Elevation

    Elevation (mAD)

    h

    Plan Area

    Surface area of reservoir at level h (m2)

    A

    Easting

    Easting coordinate of reservoir reference point (not used in computations)

    easting

    Northing

    Northing coordinate of reservoir reference point (not used in computations)

    northing

    Runoff Factor

    Rainfall runoff factor

    runoff

    Theory and Guidance

    The Reservoir is used primarily for unsteady flows and relates the rate of water level rise to the net discharge.

    The Reservoir makes the assumption that the water levels are identical in all nodes attached to it in the same way as the Junction . In unsteady mode, it will ensure conservation of mass so that, for example, the overbank spills from a channel are accounted for and may drain back as the flood subsides.

    When a steady solution is achieved, clearly there should be no outflow from or inflow to the reservoir if it is attached to the network by a single unit. Otherwise it will behave in the same way as a Junction where all the flows sum to zero.

    Equations

    The conservation of mass equation:

    reservoir1

    (1)

    where:

    reservoir2

    (2)

    and:

    h = water surface elevation

    Dt = timestep

    N = number of inflows

    qi = flow at node i

    A = surface area of the reservoir

    To ensure a level water surface in the reservoir:

    h1 = h2 = ... = h 

    (3)

    General

    There is no constraint on the maximum number of nodes attached to a Reservoir. Additionally, up to four Lateral Inflow nodes can be attached. These may take the form of inflows or direct rainfall/evaporation. A rainfall/evaporation boundary (REBDY) may be connected either directly to the lateral inflow node or via a Lateral Inflow unit, which is in turn connected to such a node. A runoff factor is available to enable rainfall impacting on a dry area of the reservoirs to contribute to its volume. The volume will be calculated using the formula:

    dV = rainfall × [(wet area) + (runoff factor) × (dry area)]

    A reservoir must always have at least one regular (i.e. non-lateral inflow) node attached, which may be a dummy unit (e.g. a QTBDY with zero flow) if the only 'real' inflow/outflow is via Lateral Inflow / REBDY units.

    If large reservoirs are used in steady computations, the model can take a long time to converge. Small reservoirs can be prone to instabilities at large timestep sizes. These can often be avoided by reducing the timestep.

    If boundaries are attached to reservoirs, the convention is adopted that outflows have a negative sign and inflows have a positive one. It is not possible to attach a reservoir to a junction directly.

    Datafile Format

    Line 1 - Keyword 'RESERVOIR' ['#revision#1'] [comment]

    Line 2 - Labels (unlimited)

    Line 2a - (Only present if '#revision#1' keyword on line 1) - Lateral Inflow labels (up to 4)

    Line 3 - n

    Line 4 to Line 3 + n - h, A

    Line 4+n - (Only present if '#revision#1' keyword on line 1) - easting, northing, runoff

    Example

    RiverNodesimagesreservoirdata.gif


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